The Nature of Language
Web page: natureoflanguage.wordpress.com
What exactly are natural languages and how can they be studied scientifically? One way of studying them started in the 1960s and 70s, when some philosophers and linguists began using the techniques of mathematical logic in the study of natural language. The field of “Natural Language Semantics” was born. 45 years later, the discipline has become an established part of the philosophy of language as well as of theoretical linguistics. However, there is no consensus about the object of study nor about the methods to be used. In this course, we shall begin by reading some introductory material that will introduce students to the field of natural language semantics. We will then go on to study early contributions to the study of natural language meaning and syntax. Finally, we will study a selection of papers regarding the nature of meaning and the foundations of semantics, as well as its methodology.
Provisional Programme:
1. 19 February 2014: Introduction [Barbara Partee: “Formal Semantics: Origins, Issues, Early Impact”. The Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication 6, esp. pp. 1-29]
2. 26 February 2014: Introduction to formal semantics [Josh Dever: “Semantic Value” (2005)]
3. 5 March 2014: An early view on empirical methods in semantics [Rudolf Carnap, “Meaning and Synonymy in Natural Languages”, 1955]
4. 12 March 2014: Grice’s Account of MeaningNN and Sentence Meaning [Grice, “Meaning” + “Utterer's Meaning, Sentence-Meaning and Word-Meaning", pp. 117-128]
5. 19 March 2014: Generative Grammar [Noam Chomsky: Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, §§ 1–3, 8.]
6. 26 March 2014: Quine’s Skepticism about empirical grammar [W.V. Quine: “Methodological Reflections on Current Linguistic Theory”, Synthese 21, pp. 386–98.]
7. 2 April 2014: Evans’ proposal for an empirical semantics [Gareth Evans: “Semantic Theory and Tacit Knowledge”]
8. 9 April 2014: Davies on Evans on empirical semantics [Martin Davies: “Tacit Knowledge and Semantic Theory: Can a Five Per Cent Difference Matter?”. Mind 96, pp. 441-462]
16. April 2014: EASTER WEEK: NO CLASS
23. April 2014: ST GEORGE’S DAY: NO CLASS
9. 30 April 2014: Lewis’ account of what it is for a population to use a language [David Lewis, “Languages and Language”, §§I–III]
10. 7 May 2014: Laurence’s objections to Lewis [Stephen Laurence: “A Chomskian Alternative to Convention-based Semantics”]
11. 14 May 2014: Grice’s theory of Conversational Implicature [Grice: “Logic and Conversation”]
12. 21 May 2014: Carston’s objections [Robyn Carston “Linguistic Meaning, Communicated Meaning and Cognitive Pragmatics”]
28 May 2014: Essay discussion session.